Chronological Pattern of Essay Writing

Introduction

Essay writing is not only about ideas but also about how those ideas are organized. One of the most commonly used methods of organization is the chronological pattern. In this pattern, ideas, events, or actions are arranged in the order of time—from what happened first to what happened last. This method is especially useful when writing about events, processes, experiences, historical developments, or personal narratives.

For engineering students, mastering the chronological pattern helps in writing lab process descriptions, project development reports, internships experiences, and real-life event narratives clearly and logically.

---

What Is the Chronological Pattern?

The chronological pattern is a method of essay organization where information is presented step by step according to time sequence. The writer guides the reader smoothly through the progression of events or stages.

This pattern answers questions such as:

• What happened first?

• What happened next?

• What happened finally?

---

When to Use the Chronological Pattern

Chronological organization is suitable when writing:

• About personal experiences (first day at college, learning a new skill)

• About processes (how a project was completed, how an app was developed)

• About events (a college fest, a workshop, an industrial visit)

• About historical or technical developments

---

Example: Chronological Essay

Title: My First Day at Engineering College

Introduction

The first day at engineering college is a memorable experience for every student. It marks the beginning of a new academic journey filled with expectations, excitement, and nervousness. My first day at college was a mix of curiosity and anticipation, and each moment unfolded gradually, making it an unforgettable experience.

Beginning Stage

The day began early in the morning as I prepared myself for college. I carefully checked my documents, timetable, and classroom details. On reaching the campus, I was struck by its vastness and lively atmosphere. Freshers were guided by volunteers, and the registration process started smoothly. At this stage, everything felt new and slightly overwhelming.

Middle Stage

After registration, we were assembled in the auditorium for the induction programme. The principal and faculty members addressed us and explained the academic structure, rules, and opportunities available. Listening to senior professors made me realize the seriousness and responsibility that engineering education demands. Later, we were taken to our respective classrooms, where we met our classmates and faculty advisors.

Final Stage

By the end of the day, my initial nervousness slowly turned into confidence. I had made a few friends and gained clarity about the course. As I left the campus in the evening, I felt motivated and optimistic about the next four years. The first day, which began with anxiety, ended with hope and determination.

Conclusion

Thus, my first day at engineering college progressed step by step, each phase adding a new experience. The chronological sequence helped me remember the day clearly and understand how each moment contributed to my overall impression of college life.

---

Importance of Transitional Words in Chronological Writing

Transitional words and phrases play a vital role in chronological essays. They act as connectors, guiding the reader smoothly from one event or stage to the next. Without transitions, the essay may appear confusing or disconnected.

---

Common Transitional Words and Expressions (Chronological Order)

For Beginning

• Initially

• At first

• In the beginning

• To start with

For Middle

• Then

• Next

• After that

• Meanwhile

• Subsequently

For Progression

• As time passed

• Gradually

• Soon after

• At the same time

For Ending

• Finally

• Eventually

• In the end

• At last

---

Conclusion

The chronological pattern is one of the simplest and most effective ways of organizing an essay. By presenting ideas in a logical time sequence and using appropriate transitional words, students can make their writing clear, engaging, and easy to follow. For I B.Tech students, this pattern is especially useful in academic, technical, and experiential writing, making it an essential skill to master.

 

Describing Objects, Events, and Situations: A Guide for Effective Writing

Description is one of the most important skills in academic and creative writing. It helps the reader clearly see, feel, and understand what the writer wants to convey. For engineering students, descriptive writing improves observation skills, clarity of thought, and effective communication—all of which are essential in technical as well as professional contexts.

Descriptive writing can be broadly applied to objects, events, and situations. Each requires careful attention to detail, appropriate vocabulary, and logical organization.

Describing an Object

When describing an object, the writer should focus on its appearance, size, shape, colour, texture, and function. The description should move from general to specific details.

Example 1:

Title: The Mobile Phone – A Silent Companion of Modern Life

Introduction

In today’s digital age, the mobile phone has become an inseparable part of human life. What began as a simple communication device has evolved into a powerful tool that connects people, stores memories, and supports daily activities. This essay describes the mobile phone as an object by focusing on its appearance, functionality, and significance in everyday life.

Physical Description

A modern mobile phone is a compact, rectangular device with a smooth glass screen and a sleek metal or plastic body. It is light in weight, making it easy to carry in one’s pocket or bag. The screen occupies most of the front surface and responds instantly to touch. On the sides are small buttons for volume and power, while the back often holds a camera lens that captures moments in sharp detail.

Functional Description

Beyond its appearance, the mobile phone performs multiple functions. It allows instant communication through calls, messages, and video chats. It also acts as a camera, a music player, a digital wallet, and a learning device. For students, it serves as a portable library, enabling access to online classes, e-books, and educational apps at any time.

Emotional and Social Significance

The mobile phone is more than a machine; it is a companion. It stores photographs, messages, and memories that hold emotional value. It keeps people connected to family and friends, especially during times of distance or isolation. However, overuse can also lead to distraction, reminding users of the need for balance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the mobile phone is a powerful object that reflects modern lifestyle and technological progress. Its physical simplicity hides its complex abilities, making it one of the most influential objects of the present era.

Describing an Event

An event description focuses on sequence, atmosphere, actions, and emotions. The writer should present events in a logical order and highlight important moments.

Example:

Title: A College Orientation Programme – The First Step into Campus Life

Introduction

An orientation programme is a significant event in a student’s academic journey. It marks the transition from school life to college life. This essay describes a college orientation programme by focusing on the atmosphere, activities, and its importance for first-year students.

Setting and Atmosphere

The orientation programme was held in a large auditorium filled with excitement and nervous energy. The hall was decorated with banners welcoming new students. Faculty members, senior students, and administrators were present, creating a formal yet friendly environment. Soft background music added warmth to the occasion.

Events and Activities

The programme began with a welcome address by the principal, who spoke about the institution’s values and expectations. Faculty members introduced various departments, explaining academic structures and opportunities. Senior students shared their experiences, offering advice and encouragement. Interactive sessions and short performances made the event engaging and lively.

Emotional Impact on Students

For many students, the orientation programme reduced anxiety and built confidence. It helped them feel accepted and guided in a new environment. Meeting peers and faculty members made the campus feel less unfamiliar and more welcoming.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the orientation programme was a meaningful event that prepared students academically and emotionally. It laid the foundation for a successful and confident college life.

Describing a Situation

Situational description explains a condition, problem, or context, often involving people, surroundings, and emotions. It requires clarity and thoughtful explanation.

Example:

A Power Cut in a Hostel on a Summer Night

Introduction

For many engineering students, hostel life is a mixture of independence, friendships, and unexpected challenges. One such common experience is a sudden power cut, especially during a hot summer night. Though it appears to be a minor inconvenience, a power cut in a hostel reveals much about human behavior, shared suffering, and collective adaptation. This situation, familiar to most students, becomes a powerful example of how an ordinary event can turn into a memorable experience.

---

The Sudden Darkness

The power cut usually occurs without warning. One moment the fan is spinning lazily, lights glowing, laptops charging—and the next moment, everything stops. The fan slows down and finally comes to a halt, leaving behind an uncomfortable silence. Within seconds, darkness fills the room, broken only by the faint glow of mobile phone screens. The sudden absence of electricity feels more intense because students have grown dependent on it for comfort and productivity.

---

Heat, Discomfort, and Restlessness

As minutes pass, the real struggle begins. The heat becomes unbearable, and sweat clings stubbornly to the skin. Students move restlessly on their beds, trying to catch a breeze that does not exist. Windows are flung open, but the outside air offers little relief. The smell of warm concrete, dust, and bodies fills the corridor. Sleep becomes impossible, and frustration slowly builds among everyone.

---

Collective Reaction and Social Bonding

Interestingly, the power cut also transforms individual discomfort into a shared experience. Students step out into the corridors, some with towels around their necks, others holding mobile torches. Laughter, complaints, jokes, and exaggerated sighs echo through the hostel. Someone cracks a joke about surviving without electricity, while another starts a discussion about life before technology. In this shared hardship, barriers disappear, and friendships grow stronger.

---

Adaptation and Acceptance

Eventually, students adapt. Some sit near staircases for airflow, some lie on the terrace under the open sky, and others surrender to exhaustion. What initially felt like an unbearable situation slowly turns into acceptance. The mind adjusts, reminding everyone that discomfort is temporary.

---

Conclusion

A power cut in a hostel on a summer night is more than just the absence of electricity. It is a situation that exposes human dependence on comfort, highlights collective resilience, and strengthens social bonds. Such everyday experiences, though ordinary, leave lasting impressions and teach students adaptability, patience, and empathy—lessons that no classroom can formally offer.

In Conclusion....

Effective descriptive writing depends on keen observation, precise vocabulary, and organized structure. Whether describing an object, an event, or a situation, writers should engage the reader’s senses and emotions without unnecessary exaggeration. For I B.Tech students, mastering descriptive writing not only helps in examinations but also strengthens communication skills essential for academic and professional success.

Common Abbreviations

In our daily lives, we always use some common abbreviations for easier understanding and to save time in this busy life.

Abbreviations are also used in all fields for their effectiveness. So it is wise to know some of the most important and common abbreviations in English.

Definition of Abbreviations

Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases used to save space, simplify communication, or represent terms concisely. They are widely used in various fields, such as general communication, technology, education, medicine, and business.

Uses of Abbreviations:

• Saves Time: Speeds up writing and reading.
• Standardization: Facilitates universal understanding in specialized fields.
• Simplifies Complex Terms: Makes technical language more accessible.
• Space Efficiency: Reduces word count, especially useful in written media.

---

1. General Use Abbreviations

1. etc. - et cetera (and so on)
2. e.g. - exempli gratia (for example)
3. i.e. - id est (that is)
4. vs. - versus (against)
5. FYI - For Your Information
6. ASAP - As Soon As Possible
7. DIY - Do It Yourself
8. RIP - Rest in Peace
9. AKA - Also Known As
10. TBD - To Be Determined
11. ETA - Estimated Time of Arrival
12. FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions
13. BYOB - Bring Your Own Bottle
14. BRB - Be Right Back
15. BTW - By The Way
16. IMO - In My Opinion
17. TL;DR - Too Long; Didn’t Read
18. IDK - I Don’t Know
19. RSVP - Répondez S’il Vous Plaît (Please Respond)
20. VIP - Very Important Person

---

2. Technology Abbreviations

1. CPU - Central Processing Unit
2. URL - Uniform Resource Locator
3. IP - Internet Protocol
4. USB - Universal Serial Bus
5. HTML - HyperText Markup Language
6. HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol
7. VPN - Virtual Private Network
8. RAM - Random Access Memory
9. ROM - Read-Only Memory
10. OS - Operating System
11. IoT - Internet of Things
12. AI - Artificial Intelligence
13. API - Application Programming Interface
14. SEO - Search Engine Optimization
15. QR - Quick Response
16. LAN - Local Area Network
17. Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
18. DNS - Domain Name System
19. SSD - Solid-State Drive
20. SMS - Short Message Service

---

3. Education Abbreviations

1. PhD - Doctor of Philosophy
2. MA - Master of Arts
3. MSc - Master of Science
4. BA - Bachelor of Arts
5. BSc - Bachelor of Science
6. GPA - Grade Point Average
7. GRE - Graduate Record Examination
8. SAT - Scholastic Assessment Test
9. TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language
10. ESL - English as a Second Language
11. STEM - Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics
12. MOOC - Massive Open Online Course
13. UG - Undergraduate
14. PG - Postgraduate
15. CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education
16. ICSE - Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
17. AICTE - All India Council for Technical Education
18. UGC - University Grants Commission
19. NET - National Eligibility Test
20. JEE - Joint Entrance Examination

---

4. Medical Abbreviations

1. BP - Blood Pressure
2. ICU - Intensive Care Unit
3. ECG - Electrocardiogram
4. MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
5. OT - Operation Theatre
6. ENT - Ear, Nose, and Throat
7. ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
8. HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
9. AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
10. TB - Tuberculosis
11. CT - Computed Tomography
12. IVF - In Vitro Fertilization
13. WHO - World Health Organization
14. CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
15. BMI - Body Mass Index
16. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid
17. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid
18. CPR - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
19. ER - Emergency Room
20. PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

---

5. Business Abbreviations

1. CEO - Chief Executive Officer
2. CFO - Chief Financial Officer
3. COO - Chief Operating Officer
4. HR - Human Resources
5. ROI - Return on Investment
6. KPI - Key Performance Indicator
7. R&D - Research and Development
8. B2B - Business-to-Business
9. B2C - Business-to-Consumer
10. LLC - Limited Liability Company
11. IPO - Initial Public Offering
12. MOU - Memorandum of Understanding
13. P&L - Profit and Loss
14. CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility
15. EOD - End of Day
16. FY - Fiscal Year
17. T&C - Terms and Conditions
18. NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement
19. SLA - Service Level Agreement
20. SME - Small and Medium Enterprises

Global Organizations

1. UN - United Nations
2. WHO - World Health Organization
3. WTO - World Trade Organization
4. IMF - International Monetary Fund
5. UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
6. UNICEF - United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
7. NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
8. OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
9. ICC - International Criminal Court
10. ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross

Economic and Financial Organizations

11. OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
12. EU - European Union
13. G7 - Group of Seven
14. G20 - Group of Twenty
15. ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations
16. SAARC - South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
17. BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
18. ADB - Asian Development Bank
19. WBG - World Bank Group
20. AIIB - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

Scientific and Technological Organizations

21. NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
22. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
23. ESA - European Space Agency
24. CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research
25. ITU - International Telecommunication Union
26. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature
27. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
28. IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency
29. IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
30. WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization

Security and Legal Organizations

31. FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA)
32. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency (USA)
33. RAW - Research and Analysis Wing (India)
34. MI6 - Military Intelligence, Section 6 (UK)
35. Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization
36. NSA - National Security Agency (USA)
37. CBI - Central Bureau of Investigation (India)
38. NIA - National Investigation Agency (India)
39. SCOTUS - Supreme Court of the United States
40. ICC - International Cricket Council (Sports and Judiciary context)

Government and Administrative Organizations

1. ISRO - Indian Space Research Organisation
2. DRDO - Defence Research and Development Organisation
3. BSNL - Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
4. UIDAI - Unique Identification Authority of India
5. NITI Aayog - National Institution for Transforming India
6. IRCTC - Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
7. CBI - Central Bureau of Investigation
8. RAW - Research and Analysis Wing
9. NIA - National Investigation Agency
10. SEBI - Securities and Exchange Board of India

Financial Organizations

11. RBI - Reserve Bank of India
12. SBI - State Bank of India
13. LIC - Life Insurance Corporation of India
14. NABARD - National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
15. IDBI - Industrial Development Bank of India
16. EXIM Bank - Export-Import Bank of India
17. NPCI - National Payments Corporation of India
18. PNB - Punjab National Bank
19. IRDAI - Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India
20. ICICI - Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India

Education and Research Organizations

21. IIT - Indian Institute of Technology
22. AIIMS - All India Institute of Medical Sciences
23. IIM - Indian Institute of Management
24. UGC - University Grants Commission
25. CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
26. ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research
27. AICTE - All India Council for Technical Education
28. IGNOU - Indira Gandhi National Open University
29. NCERT - National Council of Educational Research and Training
30. CBSE - Central Board of Secondary Education

Environmental and Conservation Organizations

31. MoEFCC - Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
32. WWF-India - World Wide Fund for Nature - India
33. CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board
34. BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards
35. TERI - The Energy and Resources Institute

Public Sector and Industrial Organizations

36. BHEL - Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
37. ONGC - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
38. SAIL - Steel Authority of India Limited
39. HAL - Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
40. GAIL - Gas Authority of India Limited

Transport and Communication Organizations

41. AAI - Airports Authority of India
42. NHAI - National Highways Authority of India
43. DMRC - Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
44. AAAL - Air India Asset Holding Limited
45. MTNL - Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

Indian Tech/IT Giants

1. TCS - Tata Consultancy Services
2. Infosys - Information Systems
3. Wipro - Western India Palm Refined Oil (originally an oil company)
4. HCL - Hindustan Computers Limited
5. Tech Mahindra - Technology arm of the Mahindra Group
6. Reliance Jio - Joint Implementation Opportunities
7. Mindtree - Not an acronym; conceptual name
8. Cognizant - Derived from "cognizance" (knowledge or awareness)
9. Zoho - Zoom One Host Office
10. Paytm - Pay Through Mobile

General Social Media Terms

1. SM - Social Media
2. DM - Direct Message
3. PM - Private Message
4. IM - Instant Messaging
5. AMA - Ask Me Anything
6. FYI - For Your Information
7. TL;DR - Too Long; Didn’t Read
8. IRL - In Real Life
9. NSFW - Not Safe For Work
10. BTW - By The Way

---

Platform-Specific Abbreviations

1. FB - Facebook
2. IG - Instagram
3. TW - Twitter (now X)
4. YT - YouTube
5. LI - LinkedIn
6. WA - WhatsApp
7. TT - TikTok
8. SC - Snapchat
9. RDT - Reddit
10. P - Pinterest

---

Engagement and Metrics

1. SEO - Search Engine Optimization
2. CTR - Click-Through Rate
3. CPC - Cost Per Click
4. ROI - Return On Investment
5. KPI - Key Performance Indicator
6. UGC - User-Generated Content
7. CTA - Call To Action
8. ORM - Online Reputation Management
9. FOMO - Fear Of Missing Out
10. ROI - Return On Investment

---

Hashtag and Interaction Abbreviations

1. TBT - Throwback Thursday
2. OOTD - Outfit Of The Day
3. ICYMI - In Case You Missed It
4. BRB - Be Right Back
5. LOL - Laugh Out Loud
6. SMH - Shaking My Head
7. IDK - I Don’t Know
8. YOLO - You Only Live Once
9. BTW - By The Way
10. JK - Just Kidding

 Synonyms and Antonyms

Synonym

A synonym is a word that has the same or similar meaning as another word. Synonyms can enhance your vocabulary by providing alternative words to convey the same idea.

Example:

• Begin and start are synonyms.
  • "I will begin my homework."
  • "I will start my homework."

Antonym

An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word. Antonyms help to express contrasting ideas or concepts.

Example:

• Hot and cold are antonyms.
• "The tea is hot."
• "The ice cream is cold."

Common Synonyms and Antonyms with example sentences

| *Word* | *Synonym* | *Antonym* | **Example**                                      |

| Happy   | Joyful    | Sad        | Children feel joyful during festivals like Diwali. |

| Sad      | Unhappy   | Happy  | The community was sad after the recent floods.

| Big      | Large        | Small   | The Indian elephant is a large animal.          |

| Small | Tiny            | Big         | The village houses are often tiny and quaint.    |

| Smart | Intelligent  | Stupid     | Indian students are often seen as intelligent.   |

| Fast  | Quick        | Slow       | The Delhi Metro is a quick mode of transport.    |

| Slow | Leisurely | Fast| The traffic in Mumbai is often slow during peak hours.

| Easy  | Simple     | Difficult | The recipe for dal is easy to follow.            |

| Hard | Tough     | Easy       | The entrance exam was hard for many students.    |

| Good | Excellent | Bad       | Indian cuisine is known for its excellent flavors. |

| Bad  | Poor          | Good      | The air quality in some cities can be poor.      |

| Strong | Powerful | Weak |The Indian cricket team is known for its powerful lineup.

| Weak  | Fragile | Strong | The weak economy was impacted by the pandemic.

| Love| Affection   | Hate       | She has great affection for her hometown.        |

| Hate | Dislike| Love | He dislikes crowded markets, especially during festivals.

| Clean  | Tidy     | Dirty    | The streets are kept clean during cultural events. |

| Dirty|   Messy     | Clean         | The river was dirty due to pollution.            |

| Bright | Luminous | Dim     | The bright colors of Holi are a sight to behold. |

| Dark | Gloomy  | Bright      | The nights in rural areas can be quite dark.     |

| Rich | Wealthy | Poor| Many wealthy families celebrate festivals in grand style.

| Poor  | Needy | Rich |Poor communities often rely on donations during festivals.

 Patterns of Essay Writing

In our Academic life or Professional life, or even in our life in general, we often need to write some essays as in writing reports, proposals, or general essays on general topics. While we have so many ways of writing essays, it is very important for us to know some of the basic ways of writing essays, especially in Academic Life and Professional.

Keeping that in mind, let us look at the very important 'FOUR PATTERNS OF ESSAY WRITING.'

1. Classification Pattern

2. Compare and Contrast Pattern

3. Cause and Effect Pattern

4. Problem - Solution Pattern

Let us look each of these.....

1. Classification Pattern:

    

    - In this pattern of writing we classify or categorise or organise or arrange or divide things/ subject matters into classes, groups or categories based on various aspects. 

    

    - For example; We can classify Films/ Movies into different genres like: Action Movies, Comedy Movies, Horror Movies, Thrillers, Historicals, Mythological, Romantic, Musicals, Rom-coms, Adventures, Scientific Fiction, Historical Fiction etc.

Find more about this CLASSIFICATION PATTERN here in this link: Classification Patter of Writing Essays

2. Compare and Contrast Pattern:

    

    - In this pattern of writing we do two important things: 

        a. Compare - Find similarities

        b. Contrast - Find differences

    

    - For example; We can compare and contrast between Traditional Education/ Offline Education and Online Education. 

    - Compare:     Both of these methods can be used by students                                 or learners to learn and get educated.

                            Both have syllabus and curriculum

                            

                            Both have teachers

                            Both have tests/ exams to analyse the learning                                by the students/ learners

    -  Contrast:    For Traditional Education/ Offline Education we need to travel to a particular place like school, college, university etc., whereas for Online Education, you don't need to travel anywhere, you can learn online from digital devices like mobile phones, laptops from the comfort of the home.

For online education, we need to have digital devices like mobile phones, laptops and also an internet connection but for traditional offline education, we don't need them.

This Compare and Contrast Method is useful for us to:

- Analyse and evaluate two subjects/ concepts/ things

- To help us decide which is better and which is not

- To help us persuade others by showing them the realities of two different concepts/ subjects/ things etc.

Some Transitional words/ phrases/ expressions used for comparison (Similarities):

  - in the same way, and, also, in addition, like; similarly; as well as, both, neither each of, just as...so, too, the same as...

Some Transitional words/ phrases/ expressions used for contrast (Differences):

        -  Although; whereas, But, however, Conversely, on the other hand, in contrast; while, yet; unlike  

    

Find more about this COMPARE and CONTRAST PATTERN here in this link: Compare and Contrast Patter of Writing Essays 

3. Cause and Effect Pattern

     In this world, there is a reason (cause) for everything that happens (effect). Some people call this as ‘Butterfly Effect.’ The butterfly flickers its wings, and something happens elsewhere in the world. Believe it or not, it is a fact.

Cause and Effect Pattern of Essay Writing is the one where we explain in detail about why (Cause=Reason) something has happened (Effect=Result) in a particular way.

This pattern basically talks about why something happens, what causes it, what are the actual or possible reasons, and what are the effects, or the results, and how it is related to something else.

We can follow these steps while writing a cause and effect essay:

1. Differentiate between cause and effect.

2. To determine the cause, ask - "Why did this happen?"

3. To identify the effect, ask - "What happened because of this?"

The following is an example of one cause producing one effect:

    Many children are obese nowadays and the prime reasons for this obesity amongst them are fast-food culture, videogames, and no or minimal physical activity, and improper sleep cycles.

(In this example the CAUSES are many, so sometimes a single effect can be a result of multiple causes too)

Ø  CAUSE: Fast-food culture, videogames, and no or minimal physical activity, improper sleep cycles

Ø  EFFECT: Obesity amongst children

    Use appropriate transitional words/ phrases.

To blend details smoothly in the cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases such as:

For causes:

because, due to, one cause is, another is, since, on account of, for that reason, etc.

For Effects:

consequently, as a result, thus, resulted in, one result is, another is, therefore, hence, thus, etc.

Find more on ‘Cause and Effect Pattern of Writing’ here: 

Cause and Effect Pattern of Writing Explained

 

4. Problem Solution Pattern of Writing

 

As the title clearly states, this pattern of writing is one in which we first find a problem and come up with solutions or possible solutions.

This pattern is used as a PERSUASIVE WRITING where the writer is trying to explain his/ her reader to influence and to convince to the idea/ concept for a problem and for the possible solution to it.

This pattern can have a compelling effect on the reader to change, act, or alter behaviours, opinions by clearly stating that there is a definite problem exists in the current behaviour or opinion and so it has to be changed as explained in the solution.

This pattern has two sections. One is the Problem and the second is the Solution for the problem.

For example:

Obesity amongst college students in India is a very serious problem these days. (Problem)

There are many reasons for obesity among college students like unhealthy eating, fast-food culture, minimal physical activity, videogames and not playing outside, using vehicles for even short distances, no diet and no exercise etc. (Trying find the reasons for the problem)

The possible solutions for this problem are – changing food habits to healthy homemade food, avoiding fast-food, maintaining diet, working out at home or gym and playing games or sports outside rather than videogames, walking for shorter distances rather than going on vehicles etc.

 

Transitional words/ phrases to be used in this pattern:

Problem:      a problem is, one problem is, the causes for this problem to occur are, one reason is, the reasons for the problem to arise are, the main problem is, the next problem/ reason is etc.

Solution:      a possible solution is, the solutions for this problem can be/ would be/ the one answer for this problem is, if this is implemented, if these measures are taken, if these are followed, a problem can be solved by these steps etc.

 

Find more on ‘Problem Solution Pattern of Writing’ here: 

Problem Solution Pattern of Writing Explained