VOCABULARY:

Vocabulary refers to the set of words that a person knows and uses in a language. It includes words used in speaking, listening, reading, and writing, and plays a crucial role in effective communication and understanding.

Word Formation Through Affixation & Root Words

Prefix:

Prefixes are morphemes (a letter or a group of letters) that are added at the beginning of a word, root, or stem to create a new word. A prefix often changes or modifies the meaning of the base word.

Examples:

• non- → non-violence, non-cooperation
• un- → unruly, unethical
• dis- → disrespectful, dishonest
• en- → encash, enable

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Exercise 1: Prefix Practice

A. Add suitable prefixes to form meaningful words.

• ____ honest
• ____ cooperation
• ____ agree
• ____ legal
• ____ active

B. Write five words each using the following prefixes.

• mis-
• pre-
• intra-
• anti-
• auto-

Suffix:

Suffixes are morphemes that are added at the end of a word, root, or stem to create a new word. Suffixes modify the meaning of the word and help in forming new words.

There are two kinds of suffixes:

1. Inflectional Suffixes

Inflectional suffixes do not create new words. They only change the grammatical form of a word, such as tense or number.

Example:

• write → writes, writing, written
  Here, –s, –ing, –en are inflectional suffixes.

2. Derivational Suffixes

Derivational suffixes create new words by changing the meaning or part of speech.

Example:

• king → kingdom
• happy → happiness

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Exercise 2: Suffix Practice

A. Complete the following words using suitable suffixes
(–able, –ible, –tion, –ion, –ment):

1. Reli → __________

2. Explos → __________

3. Manage → __________

4. Comfort → __________

5. Permiss → __________

6. Elig → __________

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Root Word:

A root word is the basic form of a word from which several new words can be formed through affixation. Many English words have roots from Latin and Greek.

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Root Words from Latin (with Examples)

Root	Meaning	Example Words
Aqua	water	aquarium, aquatic
Aud	sound	audience, audible
Bene	good	benefit, benevolent
Manu	hand	manual, manufacture
Scrib	write	describe, manuscript

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Root Words from Greek (with Examples)

Root	Meaning	Example Words
Bio	life	biology, biography
Chrono	time	chronology, chronicle
Graph	write	autograph, photograph
Logy	study	psychology, sociology
Therm	heat	thermometer, thermal

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Exercise 3: Root Word Practice

A. Match the root words with their meanings:

1. Bio

2. Scrib

3. Chrono

4. Aqua

5. Graph

a. write
b. life
c. water
d. time
e. draw/write

B. Form two words using each root:

1. Tele – __________ , __________

2. Cred – __________ , __________

3. Geo – __________ , __________

4. Auto – __________ , __________